Haydn and the Classical Variation

In this examination of the theme-and-variations form in the Classical era, Elaine Sisman aims to demonstrate that it was Haydn's prophetic innovations - placing the variation in every position of a multi-movement cycle, broadening its array of theme types, and transforming its larger shape - that truly created the Classical variation. She elucidates the concept and technique of variation, traces Haydn's development and use of the form in symphonies, chamber music, and keyboard works, and then shows how Mozart and Beethoven in their individual ways built on his contributions. Throughout, Sisman's analysis reflects both musical thinking of the Classical period and today's critical interests. She discusses ornamentation and musical figures, explores the pervasive 18th-century notion of music as rhetoric, and relates the style of the variation to that of the other dominant form in this period: sonata form. Her book offers a revaluation of the nature of the variation form and an approach to the music of Haydn. "Haydn and the Classical Variation" is addressed to students and scholars of music, but the author's unaffected style should make it accessible to nonprofessional music lovers as well.